Leadership can be defined as the process of persuading (encourage) others to take steps towards a common goal (Locke & Associates, 1997). As Grimes (1978) and Hollander (1978) and Gibson et al. (1996) stated very big leadership role to motivate members of the organization at large memperbe energy to behave in an effort to achieve group goals. Tyson and Jackson (1992: 84) adds that while leadership can be defined as the influence that includes ongoing operations between leaders and followers, others consider that there are at least three conditions must be satisfied that management had happened to namely, (1) leaders must show the causes of things, (2) the relationship between leader behaviors and their effects should be observed, and (3) that changes in the actual changes in behavior and members of the organization in the results next leader as a result of action. This is reinforced by Stogdill (in Tyson and Jackson, 1999: 85) argues that some of the strongest factors leading personality of the followers, which may affect the behavior of followers.
Leadership category can be divided into three elements, namely:
- Leadership is a concept of relationships / connections (relational concept). This leadership exists only in relationships with others, as among the leaders with followers. If no followers, then there is no so-called leaders.
- Leadership is a process. To drive, leaders must do something. As has been studied by Gardner (1989), leadership is more than just a position of authority or authorities. Although the position of authority may very encouraging process of formal leadership, but simply hold that position is not enough to make someone a leader.
- Leadership must persuade others to take action. Leaders to persuade their followers elalui various ways, such as the use of legitimate authority, the creation of a model, giving rewards and punishment (reward and punishment), the restructuring of the organization and communicating a vision.
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Retail industry continued to change with changes in technology, development of business and consumer needs. Retailing is the overall business activities related to the sale and delivery of services to consumers for the use of a personal nature as individuals and families. To succeed in a competitive retail market, Retail actors must be able to offer the right product, at a price, time & place as well. Therefore, the understanding of the characteristics of perpetrators Retail or consumer target market to be served is a very important thing.
Retail actors in the operational run several functions such as helping customers in providing a variety of products & services. Split function and add value to the product, the overall retail business manager requires the implementation of functions – functions better integrated management of financial functions, marketing, human resources, and operational. Retail actors so that a full understanding of the scope of the retail business, how to manage strategy and business development.
Retail is the concept of management orientation that focuses Retail in determining the target market needs and satisfy their needs more effectively & efficiently. The successful retailers must meet the needs of customers in market segments served better than that done by competitors. Main tasks in developing Retailing is the set target, this process begins by defining market segmentation.
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In an organization, management is a vital tool for the continuity of the vision, mission, and objectives of an organization. As we have seen, to say the art of management in coordinating production elements so that the organization’s goal is reached. All this is a successful tool of the various purposes by using the human factor, materials, and machinery. The question is, how these three factors accumulated so that work can become a dynamic system in an organization. In the late 70s, the Japanese started this approach and successfully implemented in almost every company in Japan.
The Japanese approach is to give attention to the man on top of two other factors; materials and engine management in the equation. Philosophically in the management of Japanese people, human beings are not only considered as a factor of production but also as the end of the overall management effort. This practice seems to make them achieve great success in international business competition in the 1970s to the present.
In studying Japanese management can not not require a thorough understanding of the dimensions and the concept of Japanese people work. Japanese man famous for his hard work. This may be caused by the relatively scarce land, the residents, many and solid, has a bad weather, and do not have natural resources. Japan also connect their work ethic with his religious beliefs. Zen Buddhism teaches that through the work and their creations will reach perfection pemabangunan character. Therefore, for the Japanese work has value and gives a deep meaning to their lives.
One other aspect of Japanese society associated with the work ethic is the background history of this nation. Centuries has been led by the Japanese military class or group of Samurai. Samurai Group has instilled in the Japanese importance of hard work. At least in this era, they gave a high appreciation of physical activity rather than intellectual.
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